Keywords: Future Challenges To Electrical Networks and their Solutions, Energy Storage Systems and Technologies
Abstract: TBD

Keywords: Future Challenges To Electrical Networks and their Solutions, Energy Storage Systems and Technologies, Operation and Control of Renewable Energy Systems
Abstract: The presentation covers the challenges of High Penetration of Renewable Energy and the opportunity to maintain supply-demand balance with various energy storage. It briefly introduces the traditional power system and renewable energy and compares conventional and renewable power plants. The importance of ride-through requirements on renewable generators and the process of supply-demand balancing with available commercial energy storage; and several examples and demonstration projects will also be presented. A significant part of the presentation is on the Pumped Storage Hydropower Plant (i.e., the cheapest large-scale energy storage).

Keywords: PMU Applications, Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control, Distributed Control of Networked Smart Power Systems
Abstract: In 2019, on the initiative of the Unified Energy System System Operator (UES SO), a pilot project was launched in Russia to create a structure of the Demand Response (DR)-Aggregator. The main goal of the project is to involve active consumers (AC) of electricity in the DR-mechanism that are not included in the wholesale market, but have the opportunity to reduce their consumption during peak hours. The DR-Aggregator has a hierarchical structure and consists of clusters that combine the regulatory capabilities of active consumers into a block (cluster) that meets the market requirements in terms of the amount of unloading. As the number and diversity of ACs involved in the DR-Aggregator increases, there is a need for a coordinated exchange of information and management commands between the ACs and clusters of different hierarchy levels, which leads to increased vulnerability of the DR-Aggregator structure to cyber attacks. To increase the cybersecurity of the DR-Aggregator, the report proposes to consider it as a cyber-physical system consisting of technological, information and communication and control subsystems, and to use the principles of cyber-physical management (CPM). The CPM structure creates intelligent nodes and protective loops at the lowest level of the hierarchy, which, in case of cybersecurity threats, will carry out a protective mission, blocking the upper levels and the main control center from cyber attacks. The possibility of placing new measuring devices (μPMU) on objects included in the DR-Aggregator structure is being considered. To reduce the impact of cyber attacks on the quality of DR-Aggregator management, it is proposed to use statistical methods of processing information used in the management of the EPS (State estimation technique).

Keywords: Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control, Instrumentation and Control Systems for Thermal and Nuclear Plants, Distributed Control of Networked Smart Power Systems
Abstract: The design of systems important to the nuclear power plants (NPPs) safety must base on compliance with regulatory documents' requirements and ensuring the object's reliable operation throughout its entire life cycle. One of the aspects of increased requirements for the safe and dependable operation of NPP instrumentation and control systems is perfecting human-operator information decision support systems. In the paper, an approach is considered in which the operator support information system kernel is a flexible modeling complex, which can be used as a digital twin. The paper also discusses methods for assessing the proximity of a physical object and its digital twin based on a consistent and normalized measure of dependence of random vectors.

Keywords: Operation, Optimization, Planning, Analysis and Expansion of Large-Scale Power Systems, Energy Development and Planning
Abstract: The article considers the problem of risk management in hydrocarbon field development. The approach to risk assessment and mitigation, based on the application of probabilistic reasoning models, is proposed. A special kind of Bayesian networks – influence diagrams, and associated probabilistic decision trees were proposed as models. An example of its application to the task of assessing and reducing the risk of non-execution of the project document due to unconfirmed reserves is given. As part of the example, the task of assessing the feasibility of drilling an exploration well is considered.

Keywords: Instrumentation and Control Systems for Thermal and Nuclear Plants, Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control
Abstract: Calculation of technical and economic indicators (TEI) is part of the information tasks of the upper-level control system of the NPP instrumentation and control system (I&C system). The TEI characterize the efficiency, reliability, and durability of the power unit equipment during its operation. Based on the automation of the TEI determination, objective information can be obtained about the efficiency of technological processes, the actual state of power equipment, as well as the risk potential of the ongoing processes.

Keywords: Instrumentation and Control Systems for Thermal and Nuclear Plants, Control and Development of Conventional Thermal Hydro, and Nuclear Power Plants, Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control
Abstract: The paper proposes a model for authenticating mobile access subjects in a critical system. The incident detection mechanism is based on training and classification of the user activity audit log dataset embedded in the underlying configuration of the content management system. The proposed mechanisms can be implemented in systems whose subjects have some terrain movement patterns (within a city, district). The proposed model eliminates the disadvantages of existing traditional authentication methods based on the use of explicit verification methods. KNN methods, SVM and random forest algorithm are used for classification. These classification methods are formalized mathematically in the context of the set authentication problem, and to confirm the effectiveness of the algorithm, the robustness of the model by Euclidean metric and Chebyshev metric is evaluated, as well as the information content of the input features that affect the classification by each of the considered methods.

Keywords: Distributed Control of Networked Smart Power Systems, Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control, Instrumentation and Control Systems for Thermal and Nuclear Plants
Abstract: In industrial control systems, the cybersecurity and cybersecurity measures are tightly bound to the technological and physical characteristic of a plant. It means that cybersecurity measures must be designed at the earliest stages of a control system lifecycle. The paper presents a method that implements the secure-by-design principle and provides conformance between target general cybersecurity requirements resulted from the risk assessment and the cybersecurity architecture of a designed system. The considered method uses graph models of both requirements and the architecture and gives the algorithms of mapping and comparison of the models. A criterion of proximity between two models is proposed. As an example, the paper describes cybersecurity architecture synthesis for a typical information channel in a instrumentation and control system.

Keywords: Distributed Control of Networked Smart Power Systems, Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control, Instrumentation and Control Systems for Thermal and Nuclear Plants
Abstract: Witnessing a present-day radical shift from carbonized power towards renewables and smart energy systems, one should recognize nuclear power to be an equal partner, not opponent, to the sustainable types of energy. However, in contrast to systems based on renewable resources, nuclear energy production is highly risky, and NPP industrial control systems (ICS) impose the growing demands on safety and security. In order to meet pressing security challenges and perform an effective risk management, one of the fundamental steps to be taken is to conduct a comprehensive risk assessment, which in the context of today’s transition from conventional control to digital, aka digitalization, should more accurately refer to cybersecurity. To carry out a cybersecurity risk assessment, a standard assets-based CIA risk assessment approach operating with confidentiality, integrity, and availability attributes is commonly utilized. Nevertheless, for NPP ICS, the approach happens to be slightly different because, firstly, industrial control is normally established with the primary aim of performing functions, e.g., control and monitoring ones, but not dealing with and managing assets, and, secondly, the availability property of control takes the major priority over other CIA attributes. The article investigates the cybersecurity risk assessment in the NPP ICS perspective. Clarifying the priority of control systems performance, it presents an approach adapted to NPP ICS and a modified equation for the first iteration of the potential cybersecurity risk calculation where the assets are replaced by functions. For the assignment of values for the availability property of NPP ICS functions, a metric based on delay is recommended. The ICS availability reference model, in particular, the system domain and so the dependency between system components is utilized for the accurate metric calculation.

Keywords: Instrumentation and Control Systems for Thermal and Nuclear Plants, Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control, Distributed Control of Networked Smart Power Systems
Abstract: As the digitalization of instrumentation and control (I&C) systems in nuclear power plants (NPPs), the stability of systems has been increased and the economic benefits have been improved. However, the cybersecurity issues are emerging and a practical risk assessment method for I&C systems is in urgent need. In this paper, a risk assessment method combining quantitative and qualitative analysis for I&C systems in NPPs is proposed, referring to a Chinese national standard GB/T 36466-2018. According to the standard, the protection capability is considered as the fourth element contributing to the risk along with the asset, the threat, and the vulnerability. We also apply the proposed risk assessment method to an actual I&C system. The results show that the method provides an applicable and effective means of risk assessment for I&C systems in NPPs.

Keywords: Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control, Distributed Control of Networked Smart Power Systems, Instrumentation and Control Systems for Thermal and Nuclear Plants
Abstract: The current paper examines the impact of countermeasures against tracking user browser fingerprints on user uniqueness. The measures investigated are changing browsers and installing special plugins that allow blocking access to browser attributes or replacing their values with random ones. Browser fingerprints are obtained using a tool written in the JavaScript programming language with the "fingerprint3.js" library connected. The experiment is conducted, as a result of which, the conclusion is made about the variability of the user's browser fingerprints and the degree of effectiveness of the proposed measures to counteract the tracking of browser fingerprints.

Keywords: Distributed Control of Networked Smart Power Systems, Operation, Optimization, Planning, Analysis and Expansion of Large-Scale Power Systems, Smart Grid Technologies
Abstract: The article provides an overview of the application of multi-agent control, provides a classification of multi-agent system architectures, and analyzes existing methods for constructing the structure of multi-agent control in the electric power industry. A method for constructing an optimal structure of multi-agent optimal control is proposed. A field of applications of proposed method for a multi-agent voltage and reactive power optimal control in a power system is discussed. The proposed method of optimal design of multi-agent power system control structure can be applied to various objective function of optimization. The application of multi-agent control for automatic voltage and reactive power control in the power system is currently being researched.

Keywords: Operation of Control of Renewable Energy Systems, Microgrids, Energy Development and Planning
Abstract: Abstract: Currently, commercial and industrial microgrids comprising wind and solar farms operating with conventional plants are being established globally. Management of such microgrids requires bearing in mind a side effect of green generation, which manifests itself in the difficulty of predicting this generation. Prediction errors introduce uncertainties in the state variables, which results in active power imbalances. These imbalances can be eliminated using power reserves. The active consumer resources, handled by the demand-side management system according to its strategy, can be considered such reserves. The paper proposes an algorithm of determining in advance the demand-side management strategy based on which one can develop the recommendations about the size of control actions and the time of their execution for each active consumer. An example of building a strategy for a demand-side management system installed in a microgrid that consists of a wind farm, a battery energy storage system, two conventional plants, and two active consumers is given.

Keywords: Distributed Control of Networked Smart Power Systems, Operation, Optimization, Planning, Analysis and Expansion of Large-Scale Power Systems, Energy Storage Systems
Abstract: Three novel approximate dynamic programming algorithms based on the temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal decomposition are proposed for the economic dispatch problem (EDP) in a distribution energy system with complex topology and many non-dispatchable renewable energy sources and energy storage systems (ESS). Computational efficiency of the proposed algorithms is compared and convergence to the optimal solution is shown in numeric experiments on the example of the two-day hourly EDP for the IEEE 33bw test network having 200+ consumers, 150+ energy storages, and 1000+ consuming devices.

Keywords: Microgrids, Operation of Control of Renewable Energy Systems
Abstract: This paper presents a sequential convex optimization model for operating an active distribution network in island mode when there is a lack of generation. The proposed model seeks to match the available generation with the load (minimizing the total unsupplied demand). Moreover, it considers generation capacity, bounds of voltage, and the effect of the frequency in the nodal admittance matrix. Distributed generation units are equipped with power-electronics converters with direct or inverse droops, commonly used for the primary control in grids according to the r/x ratio. Numerical results demonstrate the efficiency and precision of the proposed algorithm, which allows the operation under a deficit of generation and regular operation.

Keywords: Energy Development and Planning, Microgrids
Abstract: Due to the high share of buildings in global energy consumption, the increased implementation of power management on the demand side is deemed essential by promoting the flexible interaction and responsiveness of the buildings, which could offer multiple potential benefits in future power systems. This paper presents a novel contract-based optimization approach by model predictive control scheme to optimize the microgrid energy demand and save the operation cost. We define the concept of dynamic capacity to illustrate the flexibility potential of buildings. The control strategy is developed through a bilevel optimization structure, serving for the operational planning of microgrid decisions and the aggregated power responses at the system level. An application of simulation is studied and demonstrates that the suggested approach could shift the building flexibility potential and improve the economy for microgrid management. The results validate the feasibility of the proposed metrics and algorithms.

Keywords: Microgrids, Operation, Optimization, Planning, Analysis and Expansion of Large-Scale Power Systems, Energy Storage Systems
Abstract: Microgrid technology can efficiently integrate a new practical way for the large-scale application of grid-connected generation of renewable energy. An Energy Management System (EMS) in a microgrid, is important for optimum use of the distributed energy resources in smart, protected, consistent, and synchronized ways. This paper discusses the management of an Energy Storage System (ESS) connected in a microgrid with a solar array and control the battery discharge and charge operations with a converter based on the necessity of the demand. The problem for one-day energy management of microgrid is discussed. This paper focuses on analyzing of heuristic and optimization approach for minimizing total variable electricity prize for a clear and cloudy day. The output variables like the power of PV, grid, ESS, and loads, grid voltage, ESS state of charge, and price graphs are analyzed for each case. The MATLAB software is used for simulating this case study.

Keywords: Distributed Networks, Operation of Control of Renewable Energy Systems, Energy Development and Planning
Abstract: New energy approaches and models require an ample amount of data to be collected in order to be tested and validated, however ordinary on-site load data measuring from buildings or households can be expensive and time-consuming. This paper creates a dataset of a residential community by attributing sample consumption and photovoltaic production profiles and disaggregating the total power consumption of these households into the consumption of several individual appliances commonly used. Initially, a few consumption and photovoltaic production profiles and an extensive library of appliance profiles were collected, allowing the tool created to randomly assign the appliances’ load profile, if possible, into the available consumption areas of each end-user and in certain intervals previously defined by the user. In the case study, we generated a community with 49 households and a public building (municipal library) in 50 buildings and attributed 15 of these with renewable solar energy. The results show the creation of a flexible energy community where the appliances allocated can occupy approximately 40% of the total consumption profiles.

Keywords: Energy Development and Planning, Future Challenges To Electrical Networks and their Solutions, Smart Grid Technologies
Abstract: Due to the fast growth of energy consumption in buildings, it is crucial to ensure sustainability demands through the use of renewable energies. Solar energies have been standing out and, as a result, the forecast of photovoltaic (PV) production has received broad attention. However, the intermittent nature of the generated power brings some uncertainty. This paper presents two PV generation forecasting methodologies based on a multi-layer feed-forward Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and a Deep Neural Networks (DNN) combined with a Convolution Neural Network layer and a Recurrent Neural Network layer. Both techniques were implemented based on a data set of a PV production from a panel installed at a residential building. The main objective of this paper is to analyze and compare the forecasting results precision of both techniques. The accuracy of both models was evaluated through the calculated errors. The comparative analysis between the two networks demonstrated that the ANN technique is capable of predicting the PV generation with low forecasting errors.

Keywords: Energy Development and Planning, Operation of Control of Renewable Energy Systems, Distributed Networks
Abstract: With the growing concern regarding climate change, solutions such as distributed generation, namely renewable-based, increased in the energy system. However, their volatile behavior needed more flexibility from the demand side to balance – resorting to demand response programs. Active consumers play a critical role in this new paradigm. In this way, the uncertainty of their response to triggered events should be modeled. The authors developed a contextual consumer rate to properly select the participants in a demand response event according to their previous events in similar contexts. The innovation in the present paper lies in the classification of new active consumers with no prior experience. A decision tree method was then used to attribute a trustworthy rate. A sensitivity study on the number of leaf nodes used is explored. The results prove that the use of private information related to active consumer increase the performance of the algorithm.

Keywords: Energy Development and Planning, Future Challenges To Electrical Networks and their Solutions
Abstract: During the past few years the transport matrix received many policies to push for the sector decarbonization. The electric vehicles and charging infrastructure increased a lot motivated by European Union directives and countries legislations, becoming national policies framework. Considering the electricity market dynamics, the electrification of transport created a new challenge going forward. In this context, this paper presents a multivariate analysis of electricity commercialization and charging infrastructure to evaluate the real state of electricity mobility and design future opportunities. The analysis uses tariffs, commercialization models, charging services and economic indicators of four countries. A comprehensive simulation model estimates the total electric mobility bill per country and the portion of the average salary spent with the car charging. Even considering the best scenario, consumers from Portugal commit almost four percent of its average wage while Norway commit only one percent. The results reveal that long-term commitment with energy planning, generation and energy matrix expansion, implies on lower energy costs; better economic actions also imply on lower energy expenditure for costumer. The hourly tariffs are important alternatives to reduce energy costs and manage demand helping network operators to plan and manage the energy system.

Keywords: Distributed Networks, Energy Development and Planning, Operation of Control of Renewable Energy Systems
Abstract: The evolution of the smart grid and its benefits for energy players drives changes in the behaviour of all the parties involved in the power and energy systems. Thus, the existence of platforms to manage participation in aggregation entities and services gains importance, as they help to monitor players’ energy resources, and make their management more intuitive. This paper proposes an upgrade to the platform CECOS, initially designed to manage energy communities and their members. With the upgrade, the platform manages the players and entities belonging to the smart grid. The new version of the platform is not limited to its original services, as it allows the registration of distributed services, such as demand response, or forecast, by service providers. Furthermore, it allows the participation in several aggregation entities simultaneously, and provides a mobility mechanism, to allow players to move among entities to achieve their goals. A case study was developed to evaluate the platform, considering different types of forecasts and demonstrating favourable outcomes in terms of the predictions’ error decrease.

Keywords: Smart Grid Technologies, Energy Development and Planning
Abstract: In this work we develop an innovative framework for the dynamic modelling of natural gas transmission networks. Thanks to its flexibility, this tool may be used to support operation of the network while also giving the possibility to explore and test new optimized scenarios, introduce new elements in the grid itself (ranging from new branches to new machines) and test the use of new gas mixtures. We use as benchmark the Italian high pressure gas transportation network, executing simulations of past daily operation scenarios. Results are compared to real measurements so to prove the validity of the adopted approach.

Keywords: Smart Grid Technologies, Energy Development and Planning, Operation, Optimization, Planning, Analysis and Expansion of Large-Scale Power Systems
Abstract: Nowadays, natural gas is one of the primary energy resources employed in many sectors, and it can be regarded as a bridge fuel in the decarbonization process. The transport of natural gas relies on a complex infrastructure, which needs to be properly managed to minimize energy consumption and CO2 emissions. This study proposes a Mixed Integer Linear Programming formulation capable of optimizing the unit commitment (on/off) of the gas-turbine-driven compressors, their loads and the dynamic operation of the network. The gas network dynamic model has been discretized in space and time, and the friction term has been linearized. The performance maps of the gas-turbine-driven compressors have been linearized using the convex-hull approach. The model includes all the technical limitations of the gas-turbine-driven compressors and it can handle flow reversals on all pipes. Moreover it is suitable for cyclic networks. The MILP model is applied to a case study with 4 compressor stations, each containing multiple gas turbine driven compressors, and a cyclic network consisting of 29 pipes.

Keywords: Control and Development of Conventional Thermal Hydro, and Nuclear Power Plants, Power Electronics Control
Abstract: The article is devoted to a comparative study of VIs (Voltage Inverters) in the RAO (Relay Auto-Oscillatory) mode and in the multilevel PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) mode as actuators in closed-loop control systems of vertical plasma motion in the T-15MD tokamak. The new digital multilevel PWM controller was developed. Both systems were put under equivalent conditions in terms of the same response to external signals. The discrete robust controller is single for both control systems and has been designed by LMI (Linear Matrix Inequalities) approach using the LPV (Linear Parameter Varying) plant model. The main criteria for comparison are the control power and signal spectrum on the HFC (Horizontal Field Coil). The simulations were performed on the real-time test bed consisting of two real-time target machines connected in a feedback loop "Plant Model – Controller", to basically bring the system as close to reality as possible. The comparison results have showed the significant superiority of the 9-level PWM VI over the VI in RAO mode according to the selected criteria.

Keywords: Power Electronics Control, HVDC Transmission Systems and FACTS, Operation, Optimization, Planning, Analysis and Expansion of Large-Scale Power Systems
Abstract: Direct voltage source (DC) and a DC/DC power converter can be used to control position, speed or torque of a DC motor. In such operational condition, a rectifier is needed to have a DC voltage source, if a three-phase voltage source is available only. The objective of this study is to replace a rectifier and DC/DC power converter by one AC/DC power converter such that its output would be equal to the voltage needed for control of DC motor. It is assumed that the control algorithm of a DC motor is selected, which means that the desired output voltage of the AC/DC converter as a time function or function of the motor state is known. First, sliding mode methodology is applied to control the converter three branches to make three-phase input current track source voltages multiplied by a time varying gain. Then the gain is selected such that the converter output voltage is equal to the desired input of the DC motor. It is shown that this condition holds if the time-varying gain satisfies the first order differential equation, which can be implemented as part of the controller. The application of the Lyapunov theory confirmed that the position regulation process has a stable equilibrium point at the origin and the time gain variation is bounded. The power efficiency is equal to one which is a desirable setting in the proposed controller. A numerical simulation demonstrates application of the developed control methodology for both constant and time varying angular position reference.

Keywords: Power Electronics Control, Operation of Control of Renewable Energy Systems, Distributed Networks
Abstract: For PV applications, many studies focus on maximum power extraction without evaluating losses in the conversion chain. As part of this research, it is proposed to evaluate a direct energy conversion solution from the panel to the network without intermediate stages or transformers. The structure is presented as a 3-phase boost inverter integrating the maximum power extraction function (MPPT) while ensuring control of the power fed into the grid. A precise assessment of the losses will be carried out and an evaluation on the different components will be compared. The operation will be studied in particular according to the power rating and the switching frequency.

Keywords: Power Electronics Control
Abstract: This work is focused on the design of a robust control for the excitation field voltage input to stabilize the rotor speed and angle in an electric power system with synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus. The complete 8th order plant model including the rotor and stator dynamics, is derived. Considering that the mechanical part model parameters are unknown, an observed-based adaptive control schemes is designed based on the plant complete model, Sliding Mode (SM) control and Adaptive Backstepping techniques. The effectiveness of the proposed adaptive control scheme is confirmed by simulation.

Keywords: Power Electronics Control, Operation of Control of Renewable Energy Systems, Virtual Inertia and Elimination of Harmonics in Inverter Based Systems
Abstract: The penetration of renewables-based converter-interfaced generation (CIG) has a great impact on the dynamic properties and characteristics of modern power grids. At the same time, certain challenges arise that are associated with ensuring the stable operation of both the CIG itself and the external power grid in general. The defining moment in this case is the approach to the CIG control. In a case of the conventional structure of the control system based on the use of phase-locked loop, it is currently infeasible to achieve a comprehensive solution that would allow performing all the ancillary services assigned to the conventional synchronous generation with the help of CIG. Thus, this paper discusses one of the most promising areas in the field of CIG control – the concept of a virtual synchronous generator (VSG). The presented review of the existing VSG concepts made it possible to highlight the main approaches to its implementation, for which an experimental comparison was carried out. As a result of the comparison, the main features of the VSG models operation were revealed, and general conclusions were made about the applicability of specific VSG concepts in the structure of the CIG control system.